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  NIXP: The Journey So Far - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
Statement by Mr.Muhammed Rudman, MD/CEO of Internet Exchange Point of Nigeria (NIXP) released in Lagos on July 10, 2007.
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Today, the Internet in Africa has been growing steadily over the past several years and is beginning to play a significant role in Africa's development, creating employment, providing opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship, as well as acting as an enabler in the digital delivery of government services, education, radio, and healthcare, among others.
The new possibilities provided by Internet technologies present African countries with an opportunity to leapfrog phases of development and make use of the most recent innovations to establish a strong information society and increase the distribution of wealth among the populace, thereby addressing the poverty that has plagued the continent from time immemorial till date.
Unfortunately, the overall impact of the Internet as an enabler of development in Africa has been severely curtailed by a number of elements. Topping the list is the lack of efficient paths to carry growing local and regional traffic among Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in Africa.
This problem occurs both on a national as well as regional or inter-country scale. For example, when an African Internet user sends a message to a friend in the same city or a nearby country, the data travels first to Europe or the United States before getting back to the African city or nearby country. It has been estimated that this use of international bandwidth for national or regional data costs Africa over US$400 million annually.
The vision of a connected Africa begins with the building blocks of the Internet. At the national level, Internet traffic between ISPs has been optimized in a number of countries with the introduction of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), which allow ISPs to interconnect and offload correspondent traffic.
Today, Nigeria is one of only 11 of the 53 countries in Africa that have IXPs. However, this marginal IXP connectivity results in an inefficient exchange of African inter-country traffic through hubs located overseas mainly in the US and Europe. This means that Africa is paying overseas carriers to exchange "local" (continental) traffic on its behalf. This is costly and inefficient.
It is in the interest of all countries in Africa to find ways of optimizing Internet traffic through building better and more robust networks to support intra-continental traffic flows. This will create opportunities for private sector investment.
All over the world, IXPs are deployed to leverage on cutting-edge technologies to optimize the information super-highway. In Europe, America and Asia the Internet exchange phenomenon has been around for quite a while, hence, we have the London Internet Exchange, the Amsterdam Internet Exchange, and the Hong Kong Internet Exchange, among others. Coming home to Africa, there are IXPs that have gone live in Egypt and South Africa and even in Kenya.
Following the conclusion of the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) in Tunis , the need for Internet Exchange Point/Gateway for Nigeria became clearer. Accordingly, Former President Olusegun Obasanjo issued a directive to Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) through the Ministry of Communications to urgently establish an Internet Exchange Point (IXP) for Nigeria.
The Federal Government through NCC registered a company by the name Internet Exchange Point of Nigeria Ltd (IXPN) by guarantee to handle the operations of the exchange. IXPN is a Public-Private Partnership where all ISPs and content providers are stakeholders while the company is a neutral, not-for-profit organization.
I would also acknowledge the immense support and encouragement we have received from the NCC under the leadership of its Executive Vice Chairman, Engr. Ernest Ndukwe in realizing the overall vision of promoting efficient delivery of Internet services to complement development in Nigeria.
To drive this innovation in Nigeria, NCC constituted an interim Board of Directors of IXPN comprising of selected individuals from the industry (stakeholders) in order to draw from their experience and expertise.
The board was inaugurated on the 13th May, 2007 at the NCC headquarters in Abuja, Mr. Chima Onyekwere, MD/CEO Linkserve Ltd was appointed the chairman of the board, while my humble self, Mr. Muhammed Rudman was appointed the MD/CEO.
I am happy to inform you today that the Lagos IXP branch is 100% complete with and has some ISPs already connected while the interim Board includes the following members:
Interim Board Members
Name Organisation
1. Mr. Chima Onyekwere Linkserve
2. Mrs. Zubaida M. Rasheed Transcorp
3. Dr. Sylvanus A. Ehikioya NCC
4. Engr Sam Adeleke Digitek Teevee Cunsulting
5. Prof. K.R. Adeboye FUT Minna
6. Mr. Aminu Tijjani Multilinks
7. Mr. Yen Choi Netcom
8. Mr. Chioke Ogugua Celtel
9. Mr. Sunday Folayan Skannet
10. Mr.Akinwale Goodluck MTN
11 Mr. Muhammed Rudman (MD/CEO)
You will recall that Internet transit cost is the major bottleneck for affordable Internet service in Nigeria. That is why NIXP has negotiated a landmark agreement with NITEL to provide SAT-3 transit traffic at the rate of $2,800 per Megabit duplex connection to all NIXP members marking a major reduction from the previous price of $6,300. We are also using this opportunity to invite all the major players in the industry to become transit providers for NIXP if they can provide same or lower rates than that provided by NITEL.
In an effort to lower the cost of internet service delivery in Nigeria, telecom operator, Starcomms, the latest entrant has joined other ISPs at the exchange point making it the first PTO to connect. By peering with other ISPs at the exchange point, it means all local internet traffic will remain local within those ISPs and Starcomms'.
Hitherto, all ISPs within Nigeria were connected at foreign countries which meant that the data of say a JAMB (Joint Admission and Matriculations Board) student within Lagos browsing the JAMB website located within an ISP in Lagos will travels first to Europe or the United States before getting back to the Nigeria.
The scenario is just like going to Ibadan from Lagos via U.K. and U.S.A. It has been estimated that this use of international bandwidth for national data costs Nigeria over US$100 million each year.
The management of Starcomms must be commended for joining the NIXP which proves their leadership in pioneering development in the ICT industry.
But we will not stop until all Nigerian ISPs, PTOs, telecom operators and content providers and allied providers are connected to the exchange point which will ensure that all local internet traffic remains local in Nigeria. We do not need to pay foreign countries huge sums of money just to communicate within ourselves here in Nigeria
I would like to call on all ICT providers to join the team of the already connected members like Tara Systems, Linkserve, Netcom Africa, Cyberspace, 21 Century, MTS First Wireless and Medallion Communications in catapulting national ICT to the next level.
NIXP reduces transit cost to all our members by keeping local traffic local. That means no need to have traffic to go overseas only to come back. Therefore each domestically-exchanged transaction effectively frees up an equal amount of international bandwidth.
Another benefit is that direct interconnection with peers lowers latency in traffic between peering ISPs. It also ensures high speed, low latency access to sites for end-users, in essence better quality of service to all.
Also, continued success of the Internet depends on increasing bandwidth. That is why the minimum bandwidth capacity for joining NIXP is 10/100 Mbps while 1000 Mbps is available. High bandwidth capacity will provide reliable web-enabled applications, ranging in scope from e-government, e-commerce and multicast services for Government and private sector.
I would also like to note that spam filtering, content filtering and IP tracking (fraud detection) can easily be implemented because all members will have their own ASN and IP address before they can connect to us. To this end NIXP will implement fast track desk for any member requiring ASN and IP from AfriNIC.
Our mission is to provide a reliable exchange in Nigeria. That is why NIX will be implementing IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems) with BGP filter community so that our members can have a safer exchange.
Traffic going overseas means transit charges paid to your upstream ISPs which are not located in Nigeria. By keeping local traffic local, we save foreign exchange for the country and money is saved for the local economy.
The NIXP also ensures cheaper Internet access for all consumers, which in turn provide wider access to the entire populace.
Contact Details
Mr. Muhammed Rudman
Phone: 234 -1-7625118
E-mail: info(a)nixp.net
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China launches Nigerian satellite - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
China has successfully launched a communications satellite for Nigeria.
The official Xinhua news agency says it is the first time that a foreign buyer has purchased both a Chinese satellite and its launching service.
The Nigerian Communication Satellite NIGCOMSAT-1 is expected to offer broadcasting, telecommunications and broadband internet services for Africa.
China beat 21 other bidders for the $311m contract to launch the satellite in 2004, Xinhua says.
The satellite, launched by a Long March 3-B rocket, is expected to reach its final position later this year and to remain in operation for 15 years.
The launch is being portrayed as part of a drive to enhance rural access to technology and the internet and boost Nigeria's and Africa's knowledge economy.
"It gives you bandwidth to enable you to communicate from point A to point B, from rural Africa to urban cities," Dr Bashir Gwandu, a member of the Satellite Launch Committee and a director at the Nigeria Communications Commission told the BBC's Focus on Africa.
Nigeria has been experiencing a communications revolution in recent years, says the BBC's Alex Last, and is one of the fastest growing mobile phone markets in Africa and the world.
Having a space programme is also symbolic of how Nigeria wants to be seen as a growing player on the world stage
Critics say the majority of the population live in poverty and the internet can be made redundant by the simple fact that electricity is sporadic at best.
The government should rather spend all this money on power, job creation and basic public services, they say.
Co-operation
This is the latest example of growing economic co-operation between China and Africa.
China is buying Africa raw materials and building infrastructure such as roads.
The launch represented "China's wish to cooperate with developing countries in the peaceful use of outer space and to promote a closer relationship between China and African countries," Xinhua says.
China is expanding its space programme and in 2003 became only the third country to launch a man into space.
This is one of 30 foreign satellites China has been commissioned to launch, Xinhua reports.
Nigeria already has a weather satellite launched in 2003 with Russian assistance.
culled from NiRA .....the custodian of the .ng domain name.
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THE TOOL FOR UNITY: NYSC ! - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country...the heartbeat of the Black continent. Considering the diverse government of the day that has been in power since the inception of independence. We have come a long way till date to stand a ruler taller, considering the toddling democracy we are practicing. Something’s are better than nothing.
From the records as far back as 1964, the National Youth Council of Nigeria, affiliated with the World Assembly of Youth, was founded to coordinate youth organizations and activities in Nigeria. In 1990, it was estimated there were about 60 private youth clubs and organizations, including the YMCA, the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, and other religiously based ones. An umbrella organization for Nigerian student unions, the National Association of Nigerian Students, founded in 1954, also has been an important national influence on youth and educational policy. However, these two bodies have failed to represent the Nigerian Youth. The largest youth service organization, to say the least, is the government sponsored one, the National Youth Service Corps.
Nigeria’s national youth service program began 33 years ago, in 1973, and continues today. University graduates who are Nigerian citizens, at home or abroad, are required to spend one year in the government sponsored, co-ed National Youth Service Corps, serving in a Nigerian state other than their home state. The military government at the time created the National Youth Service Corps with the primary purpose of strengthening national unity. Having just emerged from a bloody civil war, the Nigerian government hoped to instill a sense of patriotism and unity in the next generation. Nigeria has always been an ethnically divided country, with problems persisting today. The NYSC was seen as a way to instill a sense of national unity that went beyond ethic or regional identity by having educated citizens undertake service in different areas of the country. Such objectives were:-
-A broad-based understanding of the matrix of Nigeria as a country;
-A national-guard conceptual approach that trained new graduates to be disciplined, understanding of varied cultures and mentally fit to handle the pressures of live;
-An integral but valid service to a nation who then subsidized education for all;
-A foundational experience of the work sector through reasonably balanced work-oriented disciplinary experiences gained; and
-A true sense of patriotism among Nigerian youths.
Because of its beginnings under a military government, the NYSC faced controversy from the start, even sparking riots at the University of Lagos. Financial objections, including students’ need to start earning back the tuition their families had paid and the low initial monthly allowance, along with government corruption were major concerns. Another issue, which has persisted to this day, was the problem of ethnic conflict and safety. Nigeria is about evenly divided between Muslims and Christians, with the majority of Christians in the south, and the Muslim majority in the north. Because of the provision that students must serve in a region not their own, many students had to go to a region with a markedly different religious and ethnic makeup. Christian students required to serve in primarily Muslim states had the most concerns, due to fears of persecution by Muslim extremists.
The NYSC is structured with an orientation course, generally lasting one month, at a ‘service camp’ in the region of service. Orientation is intended to instill in recruits a sense of nationalism and pride, and a sense of duty in regards to their service. Paramilitary drills, leadership training, lectures on the local language and culture, as well as some basic management skills are all part of the orientation program. Participants are then posted to their primary assignments, where the agency to which they have been assigned gives them housing and provides transportation. The federal government also provides them a small monthly allowance for the duration of their service. Corps members have worked in health services, education, agricultural development and general service in government departments. In addition to their primary assignments, corps members also have a community development project, chosen by the NYSC and the host community. Examples of these projects include building classrooms and roads, public literacy campaigns, and public health initiatives. At the end of the year, service members participate in a ‘winding up’ exercise and are released from their service in a formal ceremony, where awards are also given to those participants who showed the most initiative and enthusiasm during their service. The recipients of the most prestigious award, the Presidential Honors Award, are entitled to a cash bonus and guaranteed employment in the civil service. About 25 graduates of the NYSC receive this award each year.
While the concept behind the NYSC of engaging young people in service learning is laudable, the day to day operations of the service are facing many problems. For example, supervision of corps members’ performance is virtually nonexistent, and there is no effective means to evaluate members’ achievements. This lack of oversight also means that corps members are often underutilized, or simply not utilized at all. Corps members can be left without work, or assigned tasks which are both far below their ability and have no connection with their training and background. Continuity from one group of volunteers to the next is also an issue; one report cited an example of a road half-built by one group of service members and never finished.
Problems endemic to Nigerian society, such as corruption and a lack of resources, have bled over into the NYSC.
Recently, a new director of youth services was appointed, and he immediately announced that he would like to reform the NYSC. Condensing the training camps from one in every state to a few larger, permanent regional ones and increasing the length of the training period from three weeks to four months have been a few of the ideas proposed. However, I am been opportune to serve in Edo State where the training was only three weeks. Posted to Benin City, we are faced with the many dimensional approach to extorting money via various activities. One of such is the monthly contribution without a Corpers’ Welfare Association (CWA). To cap it all, it was mandatory before clearance that you sell tickets purportedly printed without numbers for not-so-well published Raffle Draw coming up on May 27th, 2007. The raffle tickets initial draw still stands as May 8th, 2007.
Apart from the fact that CLO’s come in various shapes and character, that of Ikpoba Okha is worthy of mention. The Current Area Inspector had made available a letter signed on behalf of the State Coordinator by his Personal Assistant, informing of the need to use (not force) for the sales of such tickets. An ultimatum of forty-eight (48) was given and later extended by twenty-four (24) hours, including two non-working days. In a no mans’ land were you have not even seen the color of the April Salary as it the second week, its treacherous. What is more treacherous is that this Local Government is well known for this manner of implementing orders that I have come to understand by some quarters and her workers as tyrannical. It is so in many capital city of Nigeria. What then do we learn when we have to bribe the Officers that should make reports about our shortcomings and hoe best to improve the process ? How do we tackle corruption when the next generation is passing through this phase of initiation ? Currently, I am facing threats and intentions to call on the gods of the Benin amongst them. How can we go forward ?
I have been an activist right from my adolescent and do not intend to throw-in the towel due to a paltry sum that would end up in the bellies of whomever they are representing. If MTN Foundation is different from MTN Nigeria, and the constitution of NYSC Foundation states that ex-corp members shall be members of this organization on graduation, why force corp members to pay for tickets not sold ? Why make it a criterion for clearance for the May salary ? Why make life unbearable for those of us in need ? The Director-General should view this action as a threat and a virus to the growth and development of the Nigerian Youth. Time is neither our friend nor a foe.
Akinbo A. A. Cornerstone
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Profile of ... - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
ATIKU ABUBAKAR
(Turakin Adamawa), GCON, Vice-President, Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Born in Jada, a town in present day Adamawa state, in North Eastern part of Nigeria, on November 25, 1946. He became an orphan at the age of eight and through perseverance and hard work overcame the poverty and nonchalant attitude of his relatives to acquire education. Atiku enrolled into the Jada Primary School from 1954 to 1960. He later proceeded to Adamawa Provincial Secondary School, Yola, from 1961 to 1965. He studied Economics, British Economic History, Government and Hausa Language at the Yola Middle School before proceeding to the Kano School of Hygiene, where he acquired a Diploma of the Royal Society of Health. He moved to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 1967, to study for a Diploma in Law.
It was in the last two schools that he had his first taste of politics, when he took part in the radical student union politics of the 1960’s, serving as President Emeritus of the Student's Union of the School of Hygiene, Kano, and later as the Assistant Secretary General of the Ahmadu Bello University Students Union, as well as Deputy Speaker of the Students’ parliament.
In 1969, Atiku Abubakar enlisted into the Nigerian Customs and Excise service, where he served for 20 years, retiring in 1989 at the rank of Deputy Director. In retirement, Atiku Abubakar went into private business, developing investments in oil services, insurance, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and the print media. He was chairman of seven companies before his election as Vice-President.
His political career proper began in the late 1980s at the advent of the Fourth Republic, when retired General Shehu Musa Yar'adua launched a novel political association, People's Front of Nigeria (PFN). Shehu had retired as Deputy Head of State and Chief of Staff Supreme Headquaters in 1979, when he and Olusegun Obasanjo handed over power to civilians.
The thought, planning and solid programmes packaged with the movement easily made it the most formidable machine in Nigeria. Alas, General Ibrahim Babangida's cabal of military officers drawn from both north and south wanted to "rule Nigeria" forever. Their contrived transition to civil rule program refused to register genuine political parties. Rather, the military government "created" two parties for Nigeria: left-of-centre Social democratic Party (SDP) and right-of-centre National Republican Convention (NRC). Atiku was party to the decision to "re-locate" the PFN into the SDP, ensuring their total control of the party, in the belief that the soldiers were sincere in their promise to handover power.
After scouring and touring every part of the federation, Atiku was there to see the emergence of Shehu Yar'adua as the SDP presidential candidate. However, General Babangida, ostensibly bowing to pressure from short-sighted civilian and military power-hungry leaders cancelled the primaries and disqualified the two candidates. The NRC candidate was Adamu Chiroma, the incumbent Minister of finance in Atiku’s government.
Undaunted, Shehu Yar'adua and his colleagues, determined to ease the military out of power, took all in their stride. In a re-run of the primaries, Abubakar Atiku as a candidate of Yar'adua narrowly missed being nominated the running mate of Chief M K O Abiola, who came to be backed by the PFN caucus. With the cancellation of Abiola's incipient victory at the polls in 1992, Atiku with his mentor continued the struggle to save Nigeria from the power greed of soldiers. Defence minister, General Sani Abacha, later overthrew the resultant Interim National Government (ING). Abacha waged a relentless campaign against Nigerians and their leaders, resulting in the false imprisonment and jailing of Shehu Yar'adua and Olusegun Obasanjo. Again, Abacha's transition program refused to register the Lawal Kaita/Atiku led People's Democratic Movement (PDM). Instead the military sponsored surrogates to set up five "acceptable" parties. All five endorsed Abacha as sole presidential candidate. Yar'adua died under inhumane prison conditions while Atiku was forced to go underground as agents of the junta hunted him from state to state.
Atiku, even while hiding, was part of the G18 pressure group, which later became G34 movement that spearheaded opposition to General Abacha's self-succession bid. The death of Abacha in 1988 brought to power the reformist General Abubakar Abdulsalami, who vowed to handover power 29 May, 1999. Thus in the course of amalgamating different political groupings into political parties, Abubakar Atiku led the old PFN into what later metamorphosed as the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). His group also drafted in Obasanjo and gave him the machinery at the grassroots not only to win the party primaries but the presidential elections as well. Atiku himself made a second attempt to become the governor of Adamawa state and this time, as a PDP candidate, he was elected.
It is came as a surprise to Atiku shortly after that, when Obasanjo sent for him, following his emergence as the PDP flagbearer, in the heat of lobbying by many candidates for the vice-presidential slot.
"Turaki, are you prepared to take orders from me?" he asked Atiku, calling him by the traditional title in his native Adamawa state.
"Ah, I have always taken instructions from you, sir" Atiku replied, "because you are a general."
"Okay you are my vice-president", Obasanjo told the stunned Atiku, "go and break the news to the party leaders!"
| April 17, 2007 | 08:17:45 |
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A new dawn in Edo... - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
...as i walk thru the city to see what can be done to salvage the growth and develoment of AIDS, Abortion and Prostitution in the city of Benin. I have the nigerian Corpers Christian Fellowship to work with in this state.
I have Olubode Abiola froM Owan East and Akinbo Modupe from Owan West. I will directing affairs from the Center of Benin. I will be working with the Ministry of Youths and Sports as well as the Ministry of Information and Orientation. My assistants are credible and new members of NiPRO (Nigerian Professionals).
I look foward to giving a report soon.
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Choosen Generation World Youth Foundation - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
On Behalf of Choosen Generation World Youth Foundation,an International Youth Non-Govermental Organization setup to empower
Youths in Nation Building.
To this Regards CGWYF Is hosting a Youth Lucheon,a program to attract over 200 Youths allover Nigeria together to delibrate
about issues that confront them and how they can involve in the Change process.
the program hopes to be interactive and Educative.
Thematic Issues to be Delibrated-
Youth and Leadership Development
Career Development
Capacity Building
Role of Youths Towards Nation Building
HIV/AIDS
Date-2nd December 2006
Venue-SOS Children Village ,Ile-Iwe Metta Bus-Stop By Lagos State Polytechnic Isolo Lagos State
Time 12 Noon-4pm
Participant would given some Materails to Read and alot of Free Gifts.
Intending participant should pls send in a Text or Call to book a Seat -
Send as soon as possible
Name-
Organization -
Phone-
08022871326, 08026198139
Ms.Vanessa Thoseahead
08022871326
| November 30, 2006 | 13:13:03 |
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HEAR WHAT OPRAH WINFREY HAD TO SAY ABOUT MEN - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
If a man wants you, nothing can keep him away. If he doesn't want you, nothing can make him stay. Stop making excuses for a man and his behavior. Allow your intuition (or spirit) to save you from heartache. Stop trying to change yourself for a relationship that's not meant to be. Slower is better. Never live your life for a man before you find what makes you truly happy. If a relationship ends because the man was not treating you as you deserve then heck no, you can't "be friends”. A friend wouldn't mistreat a friend. Don't settle. If you feel like he is stringing you along, then he probably is. Don't stay because you think "it will get better.” You’ll be mad at yourself a year later for staying when things are not better. The only person you can control in a relationship is you. Avoid men who've got a bunch of children by a bunch of different women. He didn't marry them when he got them pregnant, why would he treat you any differently? Always have your own set of friends separate from his. Maintain boundaries in how a guy treats you. If something bothers you, speak up. Never let a man know everything.* He will use it against you later. You cannot change a man's behavior Change comes from within. Don't EVER make him feel he is more important than you are... even if he has more education or in a better job. Do not make him into a quasi-god. He is a man, nothing more nothing less. Never let a man define who you are. Never borrow someone else's man. If he cheated with you, he'll cheat on you. A man will only treat you the way you ALLOW him to treat you. All men are NOT dogs. You should not be the one doing all the bending...compromise is two way street. You need time to heal between relationships...there is nothing cute about baggage... deal with your issues before pursuing a new relationship You should never look for someone to COMPLETE you...a relationship consists of two WHOLE individuals...look for someone complimentary...not supplementary. Dating is fun...even if he doesn't turn out to be Mr. Right. Make him miss you sometimes...when a man always know where you are, and you're always readily available to him - he takes it for granted. Never move into his mother's house. Never co-sign for a man. Don't fully commit to a man who doesn't give you everything that you need.* Keep him in your radar but get to know others. Share this with other women and men (just so they know)... You'll make someone smile, another rethink her choices, and another woman prepare. They say it takes a minute to find a special person, an hour to appreciate them, a day to love them and an entire lifetime to forget them. Advice from an Angel, Scared of being alone is what makes a lot of women stay in relationships that are abusive or hurtful Dr Phill You should know that you're the best thing that could ever happen to anyone and if a man mistreats you, he'll miss out on a good thing. If he was attracted to you in the 1st place, just know that he's not the only one. They're all watching you, so you have a lot of choices. Make the right one. Ladies take care of your own hearts....This communication together with any attachments transmitted with it.
What do you think ? Send me your response.
| November 30, 2006 | 05:59:38 |
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Nigerian Police and the Civil Society: - Posted By: Aare Kornar !
Building Partnership for the 2007 General Elections and Beyond.
The Nigerian Police in collaboration with Government / civil society partnership wishes to have you at the above workshop. Your attention is much needed to contribute to the Interactive Session in establishing a framework for partnership towards the 2007 General Election.
The workshop will commemce by 0800hrs on December 1st, 2006. Please, attend to make immesurable contribution as youths. All the best.
Akinbo A. A. Cornerstone
President, CNY.
| November 28, 2006 | 06:41:22 |
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